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Conditions like pernicious anaemia (an autoimmune condition affecting a protein called intrinsic factor vital for B12 absorption), stomach issues (such as from reduced stomach acid or certain medications like proton pump inhibitors), intestinal disorders (like Crohns disease or coeliac disease), or even surgical removal of parts of the small intestine (e.g., gastric bypass surgery) can prevent proper absorption
LPS within research limits
High-purity material from a trusted supplier like Pure Tested Peptides removes one major variable from this equation, making it easier to determine whether differences come from methodology, biological variation, or genuine limitations of the compound itself
Conclusion: Sublingual and oral B12 supplementation appear to be as effective as intramuscular (IM) injections in improving cobalamin status and reducing homocysteine levels