The absorption speed of B12 depends on whether someone takes sublingual tablets that dissolve under the tongue or requires B12 injections
These include vegetarians, vegans, older adults, and those with stomach problems
[2] Maternal deficiency increases the risk of miscarriage, neural tube defects, and delayed development in offspring
The subjective 'energy boost' many patients expect is specific to correcting deficiency
Other indicators include a family history of pernicious anaemia or other autoimmune conditions (such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, Hashimotos thyroiditis, or Graves disease), or if the patient is taking metformin, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), H2 antagonists or has a history of nitrous oxide misuse[15]