Patients were excluded from cohort 2 if any of the following criteria were met: unknown age
Injectable options: Semaglutide for diabetes and weight loss Tirzepatide for diabetes and weight loss Oral option: Semaglutide is also available as a daily pill Many older adults prefer the weekly injectables for convenience
Female hyperandrogenism and elite sport
Adequate folate intake supports DNA synthesis, methylation and normal cell division, and sufficient folate status before the development of pre-cancerous changes appears to reduce disease risk

Contact your GP if: You have been found to have elevated B12 levels and have not received an explanation or follow-up plan You are taking high-dose B12 supplements without medical supervision You develop new symptoms whilst taking B12 supplements, particularly skin changes, persistent headaches, or gastrointestinal symptoms You have risk factors for liver disease (alcohol excess, viral hepatitis, obesity) and have elevated B12 You experience unexplained weight loss, night sweats, or persistent fatigue alongside elevated B12 Seek urgent medical attention if you experience: Jaundice (yellowing of skin or eyes) Severe abdominal pain or swelling Unexplained bruising or bleeding Confusion or altered consciousness Severe, persistent vomiting These symptoms may indicate serious underlying conditions such as acute liver failure, haematological emergencies, or other critical illness requiring immediate assessment