For example, adalimumab as a TNF inhibitor blocks the bind of TNF and its receptors to reduce cytokines (like MMP-1 and MMP-3)-driven inflammatory processes, which suppresses the destruction of cartilage and bone ( Figure 1 On the other hand, several cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-, exert anti-inflammatory effects in RA
In addition to clinical measures of treatment efficacy, imaging findings of lesions in the central nervous system can be used as a proxy market for treatment efficacy
Potential risks include unpredictable pharmacokinetic interactions, immunogenicity, injection site reactions, gastrointestinal adverse effects, and disruption of copper homeostasis
Determining the correct dosage, method of administration, and length of each treatment was a steep learning curve
The difficulty with COVID is we dont yet know what the protective immune threshold is