Animal Nutrition 4 (1): 1116
Increased expression of VEGF stimulates angiogenesis, acting on dopamine D1 receptors, and may cause, among other things, dyskinesia, a major side effect of L-DOPA, which may further reduce the quality of life of PD patients under L-DOPA medication (Veith and Henderson 2019) Increased VEGF expression has been also documented in astrocytes, endothelial cells (ECs), and monocytes of MS patients, potentially contributing to BBB permeability and the onset of MS
A national study by Harinarayan et al
But in 2023, the Food and Drug Administration rightly moved peptides to a no-compounding-allowed status called Category 2 due to concerns about safety and lack of clinical trial data
A patient running a single-peptide protocol for recovery will pay differently from a patient running a three-peptide stack for longevity, body composition, and sleep optimization