In an overweight-adult randomized controlled trial, this raised postprandial GLP-1 and PYY and reduced food intake acutely
Moreover, TMAO activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and small heterodimer partner (SHP), downregulating the expression of hepatic BA synthase cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1), cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1 (CYP27A1), and BA transporter organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) in ApoE -/- mice (70)
The signal is clear: high protein plus hard training during a deficit does not just preserve lean mass, it can build it
A lot of menopausal weight gain is due to changes and shifts in hormones, specifically with a drop in estrogen, Shah says
But fibroblasts can't conjure collagen from nothing - they need amino acid building blocks, particularly glycine, proline and hydroxyproline