Many people with a deficiency describe deep fatigue, including an "afternoon crash." With infrequent dosing, blood levels can peak and then taper before the next visit
Oral: 2-4 weeks
Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
How to Choose Between B12 Injections and Oral Supplements Understanding B12 Absorption Rates: A Direct Comparison Intramuscular injections deliver B12 directly into the bloodstream, offering near-complete absorption
Research is ongoing to establish safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing protocols for human use