Common causes include: Reduced dietary intake People following vegan or strict vegetarian diets can be at higher risk if theyre not using B12-fortified foods or supplements
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Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms
BPC-157 Alternatives Without Theoretical Cancer Risk: Pro-Angiogenic Concerns and Safer Peptide Options BPC-157 promotes blood vessel growth in animal studies, raising theoretical concerns about feeding occult tumors