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However, prolonged or high-dose ketamine exposure induces a compensatory upregulation of NMDARs, increasing intracellular calcium ion influx and ROS production, ultimately leading to neuronal apoptosis (Liu et al., 2013)
Change doesn't happen overnight, but it happens consistently
Since then, hundreds of preclinical studies have reported reduced intake, reward or relapse across a wide range of substances, including alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines and opioids
Vancouver, WA: Applied Therapeutics Inc., 1997 and updates
Though not all of this is known, there is evidence it is helpful in specific ways
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