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Disruptions in rhythm accelerate cellular aging, impair immune surveillance, and increase disease risk across all major systems of the body

It plays a specific and well-defined metabolic role: it transports long-chain fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane so they can be oxidised for energy

For example, ER stress can exacerbate oxidative damage and impair protein folding, thereby increasing demands on autophagy and the UPS, while mitochondrial dysfunction depletes ATP essential for these processes (Nie et al., 2021)

Free Radic Biol Med 223:493505 Hao D-D, Zhang L, Liu S-L, Sun Z-J, Si R-G-L, Zhang F-N, Yang L-X, Jia X-L, Li T-Z, Ai L (2025) Acteoside inhibits hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic mice via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04061.x