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Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in converting food into glucose, which provides the necessary energy for daily activities

Because B vitamins B12 in particular can be difficult to absorb, you may be taking a supplement every day and still not be absorbing adequate amounts

Other groups who may benefit include: Patients following gastric surgery (gastrectomy, bariatric procedures) where intrinsic factor production or absorption sites are compromised Individuals with malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or chronic pancreatitis Strict vegans and vegetarians with dietary insufficiency, though oral supplementation is usually tried first Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis or reduced gastric acid production Patients on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, which can impair B12 absorption [6] [8] Individuals with nitrous oxide exposure (recreational or medical), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnosis typically involves serum B12 measurement, with levels below approximately 148 pmol/L (though thresholds vary between laboratories) generally indicating deficiency

Common side effects may include: Mild injection-site reactions (redness, soreness, itching) Upset stomach or nausea Headache Mild anxiety or restlessness Rarely, allergic reactions If you experience difficulty breathing, severe dizziness, or hives, seek medical attention immediately