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Research has documented that GLP-1 RA can significantly delay gastric emptying, sometimes leading to a condition called gastroparesis, where the stomach takes too long to empty its contents
Liu ZZ, Zhou CK, Lin XQ, Gao Y, Luo XY, Zhang JB, Yin Q, Zhang L, Zhang JG, An X, Chen W, Yang YJ (2024) STING-dependent trained immunity contributes to host defense against Clostridium perfringens infection via mTOR signaling
Jall S, Sachs S, Clemmensen C, et al
The scenarios where injectable GLP-1s are clearly superior: A1C above 9.0% (need for maximum efficacy) Established cardiovascular disease (need for proven MACE reduction) Primary goal is weight loss (need for higher semaglutide exposure) Difficulty with medication adherence (weekly is easier than daily for many patients) Unpredictable morning schedule (can't guarantee empty stomach timing) The decision is patient-specific