It is crucial to emphasise that natural approaches to supporting GLP-1 should not be considered substitutes for prescribed medications in individuals with type 2 diabetes or obesity requiring pharmaceutical intervention
The antioxidant function of GSH is determined by the redox-active thiol (-SH) of cysteine that becomes oxidized when GSH reduces target molecules (Pompella et al., 2003)
Hence, we strongly encourage the adoption of GLP-1RA plus SGLT2i combination therapy in T2DM patients with uncontrolled metabolic risks, i.e., especially those who need to lose weight and/or control high blood pressure
Current evidence suggests that ispaghula husk may contribute to a modest enhancement of endogenous GLP-1 secretion , likely mediated through viscosity effects, delayed gastric emptying, and possibly some SCFA production
Most human studies rely on small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and subjective appetite or liking scales, while lacking objective gustatory measures such as taste-threshold testing or electrogustometry (153, 173, 180, 181)