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(2,3) Mycotoxins have also been shown to impair glutathione recycling, disrupt NRF2-mediated antioxidant signaling, and increase oxidative stress burden, further compromising mitochondrial efficiency and redox balance
2.3 Innovations Recent innovations in the use of probiotics include the development of multi-strain and customized psychobiotic formulations aimed at influencing anxiety and depression, cognition and neuroinflammation (Kamal et al., 2025
Common signs include: Fatigue
Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:247254 Smythies J (1999) The neurotoxicity of glutamate, dopamine, iron and reactive oxygen species: functional interrelationships in health and disease: a reviewdiscussion
Saxena RK, Sheoran A, Giri B, Davidson WS
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