Among inflammatory cytokines, IL-1 (Interleukin-1) is one of the most extensively studied in OA.Exposure of chondrocytes to IL1 results in pronounced upregulation of matrix metalloproteinasesparticularly MMP1, MMP3, and MMP13which catalyze the degradation of collagen and proteoglycans within the cartilage extracellular matrix, ultimately compromising its structural integrity
Lower doses produce smaller metabolic perturbations
Immun Inflamm Dis 2022;10:e698
Morgan Stanley Research estimates that the global market for GLP-1 drugs could reach $190 billion by 2035, more than double the $79 billion in total sales recorded in 2025, with growth supported by oral treatment formats, broader insurance coverage, international market expansion, and new therapeutic use cases
41 In addition, the specific knockout or ablation of INSR in livers prevents insulin suppression of hepatic glucose production (HGP), 42,43 suggesting a direct role for INSR in hepatic IR