Common side effects include: Injection site reactions pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site Mild diarrhoea or gastrointestinal upset usually transient Skin reactions itching or rash (uncommon) Hypokalaemia rare, occurring when severe megaloblastic anaemia is corrected rapidly Serious adverse effects are extremely rare but may include anaphylaxis in hypersensitive individuals

Back to Journals Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment Volume 22 Current Evidence of Acetyl-L-Carnitine Use in Mood Disorders-: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Authors Kumar R , Hashempour Z, Shahriarirad S, Shahriarirad R, Hassett LC, Singh B , Croarkin PE , Veldic M, Frye MA, Pagali SR Received 6 January 2026 Accepted for publication 12 March 2026 Published 3 June 2026 Volume 2026:22 586506 DOI Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 3 Editor who approved publication: Dr Roger Pinder Rakesh Kumar, 1 Zahra Hashempour, 2 Sara Shahriarirad, 2 Reza Shahriarirad, 3 Leslie C Hassett, 4 Balwinder Singh, 1 Paul E Croarkin, 1 Marin Veldic, 1 Mark A Frye, 1 Sandeep R Pagali 5 1 Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
ROS intensify T cell activation and induce leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, thus recruiting circulating leukocytes to the inflammation site (11)
Bacterial growth becomes possible despite bacteriostatic water
This technique is particularly useful for chronic wounds that resist standard treatment