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Other groups who may benefit include: Patients following gastric surgery (gastrectomy, bariatric procedures) where intrinsic factor production or absorption sites are compromised Individuals with malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or chronic pancreatitis Strict vegans and vegetarians with dietary insufficiency, though oral supplementation is usually tried first Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis or reduced gastric acid production Patients on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, which can impair B12 absorption [6] [8] Individuals with nitrous oxide exposure (recreational or medical), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnosis typically involves serum B12 measurement, with levels below approximately 148 pmol/L (though thresholds vary between laboratories) generally indicating deficiency
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If you are feeling wiped out all the time, have heavy legs, have tingling in your hands, mouth ulcers that keep coming back, or just feel mentally foggy for no clear reason
Increases capillary density in muscle tissue to improve blood flow and nutrient delivery during repair
Bacteriostatic water (BAC water) is defined as sterile water containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative, and it must be discarded 28 days after the rubber stopper is first punctured
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