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The LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), a non-canonical pathway, lies at the intersection of autophagy and phagocytosis, promoting the release of ROS through NADPH oxidase
After reconstituting a 100 mg GHK-Cu vial with 3.0 mL of sterile water, the resulting concentration will be 33.33 mg/mL
Science 323 , 12051208 (2009)
Tissues were dissected, cut into small pieces, and stored at 80C
Absorption differences: injection vs topical Subcutaneous injection absorption: Rapid absorption into bloodstream Peak plasma concentration: 15-30 minutes 80-90% bioavailability Reaches target tissues quickly Systemic distribution Topical application absorption: Slower penetration through skin barrier Peak tissue concentration: 1-3 hours 5-15% bioavailability (most doesn't penetrate) Primarily local effects (skin where applied) Minimal systemic exposure Absorption comparison table: Why injection more effective: Direct systemic delivery Reaches all tissues Predictable dosing Lower total dose needed Better for body-wide effects When topical makes sense: Face/neck cosmetic use only Avoiding injections Already using skincare routine Combining both approaches (injection + topical) See our GHK-Cu 50mg copper peptide dosage guide for injection protocols
