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Slow injection reduces foam formation during solution preparation steps
When serum B12 results are equivocal or clinical suspicion remains high despite normal B12 levels, additional tests may be requested: Methylmalonic acid (MMA) : Elevated levels indicate functional B12 deficiency at the cellular level, though availability may be limited in primary care and levels can be elevated in renal impairment Homocysteine : Also elevated in B12 deficiency, though less specific and also affected by renal function Intrinsic factor antibodies : To investigate pernicious anaemia, the most common cause of B12 deficiency in the UK Anti-parietal cell antibodies : May be tested if pernicious anaemia is suspected but intrinsic factor antibodies are negative Identifying the underlying cause is crucial for appropriate management
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Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia is usually treated with injections of vitamin B12
IN Petropoulos and S Javed undertook quantification of corneal nerve morphology
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