Beyond their fundamental physiological roles, bile acid metabolites derived from gut microbiota, such as deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid and their derivatives, are also implicated in the differentiation and function of both innate and adaptive immune cells, including macrophages (Mac), dendritic cells (DC), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells (Treg), Breg cells, helper T cells (Th17, Th1, and Th2), CD8 + T cells, B cells, and NKT cells, thus maintaining local and systemic immune homeostasis (Su et al., 2023)
Sunscreen will also be critical in keeping melasma from darkening
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157, no
However, all applications should be considered experimental pending additional clinical research