Thioredoxin-interacting protein regulates insulin transcription through microRNA-204
IRF1 drives the expression of the transferrin receptor, promotes intracellular Fe2+ accumulation, disrupts iron homeostasis, and induces ferroptosis in cancer cells, while blocking Gln enhances this effect (92)
Hexokinase 2 (HK2), which catalyzes the first step of glycolysis, is stabilized by the deubiquitinase CSN5 in HCC, promoting metastasis
It is particularly common in individuals with certain risk factors, including those who have undergone gastric or small intestine resections, have inflammatory bowel disease, use metformin or proton pump inhibitors, follow a vegan diet, or are older than 75 years
Certain medications, particularly proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and metformin, can interfere with B12 absorption when used long-term