Having undergone cholecystectomy is not listed as a contraindication for GLP-1 receptor agonists in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) approved by the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
It is proposed that these variations might arise due to IGF-1 LR3's reduced tendency to bind with IGFBPs
References Abeer MM, Meka AK, Pujara N, Kumeria T, Strounina E, et al (2019) Rationally designed dendritic silica nanoparticles for oral delivery of exenatide
Research published in Frontiers in Nutrition in 2025 found that people using GLP-1 medications often consume lower amounts of key nutrients, including vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium, which may affect energy levels and muscle health

It has been shown that GLP-1 analogue exenatide could activate the human monocyte-derived macrophage towards M2 phenotype ( -/- mice with a concomitant upregulation of M2 marker CD163 ( +/- mice, a -cellspecific glucokinase haploinsufficient (Gck+/) diabetic model ( 2.2 The role of GLP-1 in innate-like T lymphocytes Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells are a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems ( 2.3 The role of GLP-1 in intestinal epithelial lymphocytes As a innate like lymphocytes, intestinal epithelial lymphocytes (IELs) patrol the lamina propria and play a critical role in host-bacteria interaction, wound healing, mucosal growth and regeneration, and inflammation ( -/- mice, while the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in the spleen and lymph nodes had no differences ( 3 The role of GLP-1/GLP-R axis in related signal pathways GLP-1 is known to increase insulin secretion by cells under hyperglycemic conditions