As a cofactor, cobalamins are essential for two cellular reactions: the mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase conversion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) to succinate, which links lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and the activation of methionine synthase, which is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
The results from the other three clinical trials have been similarly mixed, and because they did not use the rigorous, controlled-trial methodology used in the 2017 study, it is unwise to integrate or compare results
Cystine starvation promotes a non-canonical function of the glutathione synthesis machinery NRF2-mediated metabolism also promotes cell survival
When it fails, the consequences can be severe
Plus, the fact that BPC-157 is not approved by the FDA and is banned in professional sports should give anyone pause