When bile flow is sluggish (from gallbladder sludge, bile acid deficiency, or cholestasis), conjugated toxins back up in the liver
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Historically used for a variety of conditions involving smooth muscle spasms in various systems: CNS migraine headache prophylaxis Respiratory seasonal allergies rhinitis asthma Urinary tract spasms, especially in the presence of stones and gravel renal colic urolithiasis nephrolithiasis Antispasmodic Antiinflammatory Antiallergic Gastroprotective Bitter Sesquiterpenes Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Flavonoids Test444 Pregnancy and lactation: Avoid use since safety has not been established
2016;77(4):e457-466
Representative search terms included: Rhodiola rosea OR Rhodiola , Ginkgo biloba , Withania somnifera OR Ashwagandha in combination with depression , antidepressant , monoaminergic neurotransmission , BDNF , neuroplasticity , HPA axis , neuroinflammation , oxidative stress , mitochondrial dysfunction , and clinical trial . Boolean operators and database-specific filters were applied where appropriate to optimize sensitivity and specificity