For example, in December 2024, Novo Nordisk bought three Catalent sites for US$11bn in order to boost its injectable drug capacity, and in December 2025, Eli Lilly announced new plans to build a US$6bn manufacturing facility in the US
Nat Med 24(7):908922
Studies have shown that oxidative stress not only directly damages orbital tissues, but also promotes inflammatory responses and fibrosis by activating various signaling pathways ( Various lifestyle factors contribute to oxidative stress, potentially triggering the development of TAO, including smoking, environmental exposures, and sleep disturbances ( 2- ) into less harmful substances such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), which are subsequently detoxified by catalase and glutathione peroxidase ( Oxidative stress disrupts cellular redox balance, leading to excessive production of oxidants that initiate harmful oxidative reactions
Part II: The Accidental Superpower To understand why exendin-4 mattered, one must first understand GLP-1s frustrating limitations
The reasoning is straightforward: the ratio reflects the balance between the cellular processes that oxidise glutathione (GPx and substrates) and the cellular processes that reduce it (GR and NADPH)