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Two separate phases were observed at an excitation of 484 nm, a rapid but small increase and a slower but more pronounced decrease of fluorescence (Fig
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Free radicals are generated through several different pathways, e.g., during mitochondrial aerobic respiration, approximately 12% of electrons may escape the electron transport chain, and an estimated 2% of the oxygen consumed by mitochondria contributes to ROS formation, primarily the superoxide radical [25]
The 2025 narrative review noted that despite the volume of preclinical work, well-controlled human trial data are scarce, and the regenerative findings should be interpreted accordingly (PMID 40789979)