Foods and/or Food Components that May Harm Brain Function Alcohol Description: Wine Beer Spirits Potential Mechanism(s): Neurotoxic effects 271 Scientific Evidence: Study 1 Study Design: Meta-analysis of multiple controlled trials Results: Alcohol has a short-term negative impact on working memory function in healthy adults 272 Study 2 Study Design: Observational/Correlational Subjects: 2,416 adults Results: Light-to-moderate alcohol consumption in mid-life was not associated with cognitive function later in life 273 Study 3 Study Design: Observational/Correlational Subjects: 36,678 healthy middle-aged and older adults Results: Moderate alcohol consumption was correlated with negative changes in brain structure, with diminished total brain and brain cell (gray matter) volumes, and damage to interconnecting nerve fibers (white matter) 274 Study 4 Study Design: Observational/Correlational Subjects: 20,729 participants Results: Moderate alcohol use associated with increased iron accumulation in brain tissue

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Thus, more targeted, well-designed clinical trials are required for providing clearer evidence on the efficacy, optimal dose, and safety profiles of these drugs in AD and PD
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