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showed that for CD4 + Th17 cells, OL cytotoxicity was perforin/granzyme-dependent 40
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These activated neutrophils released increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), formed neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-, suggesting that they are of the inflammatory N1 phenotype." To uncover the metabolic mechanisms responsible for this inflammatory transformation, the study, published in Volume 18 of the International Journal of Oral Science on July 9, 2026, used mouse models of periodontitis and diabetes, along with HL60 cell lines to investigate the molecular pathways driving N1 polarization of BM neutrophils