It is pure USP water in a sealed vial
Choose supplements from established companies with good manufacturing practices certification
Risk factors that should prompt consideration of B12 deficiency include advancing age (reduced stomach acid production), strict vegan or vegetarian diets, pernicious anaemia, gastrointestinal surgery (particularly gastric bypass or ileal resection), long-term use of certain medications (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists), nitrous oxide exposure (including recreational use), and conditions affecting the gut such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60986-1 Lancet 75 MiriyalaS.ThippakornC.ChaiswingL.XuY.NoelT.TovmasyanA.et al (2016)
If you're focused on healing, performance, and joint support, consider science-backed alternatives that are safe, legal, and effectivelike Collagen Protein, LGlutamine, and TB-500