There are numerous causes of these changes (including direct effects from valproate, consequences of hyperammonemia, and cerebral edema)

Serum: Aqua (Water), Propylene Glycol, PEG-8, Glycerin, Glutathione, Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate, Sucrose, Cellulose Gum, Chondrus Crispus (Carrageenan) Extract, Ceratonia Siliqua Gum, Kojic Acid, Butylene Glycol, PPG-26-Buteth-26, PPG-8-Ceteth-20, PPG-4-Ceteth-20, PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, Polysorbate 20, Deceth-7, Benzophenone-4, Disodium EDTA, Tocopherol, Citric Acid, Sodium Citrate, Sodium Dehydroacetate, Sodium Sulfite, Sodium Metabisulfite, Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben, Chlorphenesin, Parfum (Fragrance), CI 19140 (Yellow 5), Benzyl Alcohol Milk: Aqua (Water), Paraffinum Liquidum (Mineral Oil), Glyceryl Stearate SE, Glycerin, Stearic Acid, Palmitic Acid, Parfum (Fragrance), Glutathione, Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate, Diacetyl Boldine, Cetearyl Alcohol, Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride, Disodium EDTA, Carbomer, Triethanolamine, Phenoxyethanol, Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Imidazolidinyl Urea, Alpha-Isomethyl Ionone, Benzyl Alcohol The lists of ingredients used in the composition of the FAIR & WHITE brand products are regularly updated

DAB staining, as indicated by the brown color in the immunohistochemistry analysis, was interpreted as positive expression (Figures 4A,B and see Supplementary Tables S11)
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Experimental research suggests DSIP may influence central neurotransmitter balance, potentially supporting inhibitory tone without direct receptor agonism