Common symptoms of iron deficiency include: Fatigue and weakness persistent tiredness that does not improve with rest Pallor pale skin, nail beds, and mucous membranes (inside lower eyelids) Shortness of breath particularly on exertion or during activities previously well-tolerated Dizziness or light-headedness especially when standing quickly Cold hands and feet due to reduced oxygen delivery to extremities Headaches often frontal and persistent Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations) Brittle nails or koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails) in more advanced cases Sore or swollen tongue (glossitis) Unusual cravings for non-food items such as ice, paper, or starch (pica) Restless legs syndrome uncomfortable sensations in legs with urge to move them Difficulty concentrating or impaired cognitive function It is important to note that these symptoms may develop gradually and can be subtle in early stages
Time since T2D diagnosis was longer in the CKD group
Kanani PM, Sinkey CA, Browning RL, Allaman M, Knapp HR, and Haynes WG (1999)
1.3 Altered Amino Acid Metabolism Another source of energy production is to burn amino acids, in particular polyamines and l-arginine
Can be used alone or in combination with other medications like insulin or metformin