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Oral supplementation of vitamin C notably alleviates symptoms like gingival bleeding and swelling, promoting the overall health of periodontal tissues ( Studies show that vitamin C usefully alleviates clinical symptoms and the risk of disease progression in periodontitis through alleviating oxidative pressure and inflammatory mediator release ( Besides, local application of vitamin C in the oral environment has also been studied for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in alleviating the severity of gingival inflammation ( 4.1.2 Effects of vitamin E application Vitamin E, as a fat-soluble antioxidant, displays vital advantages following oral supplementation, in particular in the protection and improvement of periodontal tissues (Nagata, 2013)
Zonulin creates spaces in the junctions of the gut and by tightening up these spaces, intestinal barrier function can be restored
Lancet 376 , 431439 (2010)
Diabetologia 60 (9), 16911703
177 Mitophagy receptors such as Fun14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1), BCL2 interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), BCL2 interacting protein 3 like (BNIP3L/NIX), FKBP prolyl isomerase 8 (FKBP8), and ATAD3B can directly interact with LC3 through their LIR (LC3-interacting region) motifs, thereby initiating ubiquitin-independent mitophagy
