By employing the hypergeometric distribution, the probability of a frequency greater than k under completely random conditions was calculated using the following formula: p=1i=0k1p(i|n,m,N) where, p(i|n,m,N)=n!(Nn)!m!(Nm)!(ni)!i!(nm)!(Nnm+i)!N
(Amsterdam: Elsevier Biomedical Press), 129138
This explains why the plasma contains the administered forms of cyanocobalamin and aquacobalamin, and their conversion into coenzyme forms, methylcobalamin and 5,5-adenosylcobalamins, has not been demonstrated in this physiological environment
They also rapidly deplete antioxidants like glutathione, our master antioxidant, as well as vitamins A, C, and E
Malpractice is determined by whether the physician deviated from the standard of care and caused harm