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The relationship between BBB integrity and the gut microbiota is evident in germ free mice models which lack a microbiota and have increased BBB permeability and altered tight junction protein expression effects, which continue from in utero into adulthood [147]
It has been extensively studied in preclinical tissue biology and gastroenterology research
Studies show curcumin may also help modulate glutathione enzymes (12)
PMID 2903866
Studies have demonstrated that 4% niacinamide can significantly reduce melasma severity ( Navarrete-Sols et al., Dermatology Research and Practice, 2011 ), improve moisture retention, and enhance overall texture ( Boo, 2021 )
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