The caffeine in coffee enemas is absorbed via the portal vein and processed by the liver rather than the general digestive tract
N-acetylcysteine induces apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent pathway but not via endoplasmic reticulum stress in H9c2 cells
MAP4K signaling pathways in cancer: roles, mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities
Ishizawa J, Kojima K, Chachad D, Ruvolo P, Ruvolo V, Jacamo RO, Borthakur G, Mu H, Zeng Z, Tabe Y, Allen JE, Wang Z, Ma W, Lee HC, Orlowski RZ, Sarbassov DD, Neelapu SS, McDonnell T, Miranda RN, Wang M, Kantarjian H, Konopleva M, Davis RE, Andreeff M
Although autophagy can help remove damaged organelles and proteins, prolonged activation in response to METH leads to the degradation of essential cellular components, contributing to neuronal death (Xu et al., 2018) (Figure 1)